„Reconciliation“ by Polly Clark Essay

„Reconciliationâ€Å" is a short story and is written by Polly Clark. The story takes place in an office. The main character of the story is a woman, her name is Laura, and she is also the narrator of the story. Basically is the story about the fear of loosing someone, changes of persons and a marriage and a relationship after many years. It is difficult to find out how old the narrator of the story is. But because of the fact that she is married for a long time, in the text she said, â€Å"We began our relationship half my life ago.â€Å", I would say she probably is in her midlife maybe a bit younger. The fact that the main character is also the narrator makes it easier to see the proceedings form her angle and we are able to know how she thinks and feels – even when she doesn’t know it herself. The reader of this story receives an impression of a completely normal person when it comes to her appearance. But when the reader gets deeper into the story and sees how she thinks about things and the way of handling things, makes her look like she has some smaller mental issues. This can be caused because she is loosing her husband, his name is Vernon, she also calls him Mr. Pringle, whom she wants to stay with and stood with for many years. For months she and her husband have not spoken that much to each other. In the text she says: â€Å"We regard each other over months of frozen silence.â€Å" You can easily notice that she is afflicted with the silence between Vernon, her husband, and her. She mentions it with following sentence: â€Å"We began our relationship in a bar, and those were our best times, telling each other the truth of our lives in the warm light. I might be defective in every other way, defective enough to mean that I must be divorced, defective enough to mean that silence is actually my lot, but it doesn’t mean it comes naturally to me. News and questions bubble up in my throat, but I cannot speak.† She does not want to give up on their marriage and relationship. She has been used to having her husband and being with him, so if he is gone, she does not know what to do with herself and the things around her. The reader could get the impression that she doesn’t have a very high self-esteem, because she sees herself as faraway from perfect. This fact could explain why she is so afraid of loosing her husband, because if he doesn’t want to have her who then would like to have her with all her faults.? â€Å"I am your wife. That is everything that I am. Help me.† Laura applies for a job in her husband’s office just to be more in contact with Vernon and be with him together. On her first day in the office and at her new job, her actions disclose that she is very nervous. In the text you can find following examples for her tension: â€Å"I have forgotten my shoes†, â€Å"I bite my lip as I reach the desk† and â€Å"I slide one foot over the otherâ€Å". The fact that she has forgotten her shoes could be a sign that she is unable to think clearly. To describe the relationship between Laura and Vernon you can only use Laura’s point of view. So, it is difficult to understand their relationship and their marriage if you don’t know Vernon’s point of view. It is obvious that she wants her husband back. For the reader it is not quite clear how Vernon thinks about it. It seems that her husband doesn’t feel the same way and it seems that he doesn’t want to go back to her and move on with his â€Å"old† life. She says about him: â€Å"He looks so like my husband, and yet†¦How has he managed to remain himself, to become -dare I say it- even more himself, with not even a scar and even a brand new blue shirt?† Laura’s husband Vernon has already moved on. It is difficult for Laura, the narrator, to understand and recognize this fact.

Acts of Rebellion Essay

In 1984, Orwell presents the act of rebellion through love. â€Å"Listen. The more men you’ve had, the most I love you. Do you understand that?† this whole quote suggest that they are both rebelling, meaning that Julia has already rebelled in the past by having sex with other men. Also Winston is declaring that the more she rebels the more he would love her, which is also an act of rebellion in itself because love is unauthorized, by Big Brother. â€Å"The most† could suggest that Winston is encouraging everyone to rebel against Big Brother, which could mean that as Julia loves Winston, he is taking advantage of her by telling her that whatever Julia is doing is right that he is totally supporting her. Additionally this could mean that he wanted more people to be corrupt, and everyone to go to the wrong path and disobey Big Brother. Orwell presents the act of rebellion through love because in the Dystopian society there are strict rule that need to be followed, s uch as no having sex for pleasure, and this is clearly an act of rebellion as Julia had sex with lots of party member. Similarly in Romeo and Juliet where Shakespeare is presenting their love by rebelling, they are both willing to disobey the orders of the wise ones just to be with each other. â€Å"Therefore stay yet; thou need’st not to be gone† proposes that Juliet is stubborn, as the Daughter of Capulet; she is used to get what she wants. Additionally Romeo declares to her † Let me ta’en, let me be put to death† This could emphasise that he is willing to die for Juliet and stay with her than live his life without her, this clearly shows that he is rebelling against all the rules put upon them, just to stay with Juliet. â€Å"Not to be gone† could suggest that Juliet is being bossy as she is ordering him to stay with her. But alternatively this could highlight that as men in the Elizabethan had power over women, and they were patriarchal meaning that Juliet was a bad influence on Romeo, and that she was almost a threat to his manhood. As he accepts defeat Ro meo says â€Å"let me put to death† which could declare that Juliet is Romeo’s weakness and that if someone breaks Juliet, Romeo will also shatter.

Corporate Governance and Heart Kids

BSBINM401A- Assessment 9Brandon Finn Task 1: Standard 1; Customer Feedback Form Standard 2; Lockable filing cabinet/ records Standard 3; Customer Satisfaction Survey/History Standard 4; As above Standard 5; As above Standard 6; As above I didn’t find this question to be very clear. Task 2: Home Address; Yes, we will require this to work out the cost of living for the customer’s location. Age; Yes, we would require this to decide their stage of life. What their priorities are re; Superannuation, first home. Marital Status; Yes, we would use this as they might have a second income we should know about.Number of Children; Yes, We need to know the number of dependants as their cost of living be much higher than a single person. Occupation; No, not necessarily important as to wage. Level of Education; as above. Wage; Yes, we need to know the income coming in to work out what the client can afford to have coming out. Task 3: i. a. www. heartkidsvic. org. au b. The purpose is to create awareness of heart conditions in children, and to provide useful information and avenues of support for families of heart children. c. Families affected by child heart defects. . You can call or email them for further information or read the about us section on their website. e. The site is by Still Moving Design for Heart Kids Victoria. ii. Heart Kids Victoria Report; Heart Kids Victoria is a non for profit organisation aimed at supporting children and families of children with heart defects. The website www. heartkidsvic. org. au is very informative, with support options for families and stories on many beautiful children who unfortunately have suffered with some type of heart disease in their youth.There are some great stories of triumph and some very heartbreaking stories also. The target audience is families, but also gives options to anybody that would like to lend a helping hand, be it financial or volunteering, there is links to find out how. The website by Still M oving Design has a great layout and is very easy to find your way around. The site is very informative, easy to use and will melt your heart. Great cause! Task 4: a. The positive aspects are all information is recorded and then can be used for training and to improve current practices. . The negative aspects are that the information is being double handled therefore reducing the efficiency of all staff. c. To improve the currnet process you could design a computer based system in which staff input the information directly to. This would mean there is no double handling of information and would create greater efficiency for the company. Task 5: a. I would consult the IT staff for their advice as to the best system available for our needs.I would also consult with staff as to their thoughts/input on the idea. b. The costs would involve the IT staff time in implementing the new system. There would also be cost involved in purchasing the program itself. Also the costs involved in traini ng the staff. c. To get approval for the idea I would get all staff to vote as to whether or not they agree with the idea. I would then take it to a board meeting where the board would then vote in approval or against the idea with all costs and information available to them, d.To prepare staff I would call a meeting and organise a workshop for our IT staff to show all staff how to use the program efficiently and effectively. I would also provide any one on one training required to any individual staff member that may be having difficulties after the workshop. Task 6: a. Finance Manager and Chief Financial Officer b. Learning & Development Manager and Technical Operations Manager c. Chief Executive Officer and Board of Directors d. Project Manager and Chief Technology Officer Task 7: Office 2010 Report to follow

PPQ PARTs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PPQ PARTs - Essay Example The company therefore needs to determine how it will provide a safe work environment for its employees, jobs that are rewarding, stable employment, equitable pay in exchange for a positive work attitude and outstanding performance on the job (Heizer & Render 2006, p33). The fact that PPQ wants to increase the number of facilities would indicate that there is an increase in demand for its products in other markets. Whether or not that is the case the company needs to market its products in those areas. In selecting its location the company needs to design and build economical and efficient facilities that will be capable of yielding high value to not only the company but other stakeholders including employees and the community in which the facilities will be located. In order to do carry out its operations effectively the company will require competent and experienced staff that will be able to deal with customers at the various locations. In will be expanding into different countries and therefore different environments. Building a multicultural and diverse labor force is therefore important. Therefore, PPQ need to carry out an assessment of its management staff to determine whether they possess the skills necessary to deal with multiculturalism and diversity. It is important that they understand what diversity means. Munjal and Sharma their paper â€Å"Managing Multiculturalism & Diversity in Organizations † (n.d.) states that: Managers usually see affirmative action and equal employment opportunity as centering on minorities and women; the diversity here includes race, gender, creed, and ethnicity but also age, background, education, function, and personality differences. The objective not to assimilate minorities and women into dominant white male culture but to create a dominant heterogeneous culture. They will be dealing with employees and customers from different parts of the world and it is important that they understand not only the culture but h ow it can lead to competitive advantage. Rick Bobrow, America’s CEO (qtd. in Black Enterprise, 2001) states: Diversity is fundamental to our business. But it is also fundamental to our view of how we do business. To help our clients, and ourselves, achieve success, we have to leverage the different ideas, backgrounds, and values of all our people. When people of all ethnic groups are represented at all levels of the firm, we are better able to perform in a global environment, attract the best talent, and ensure that our clients are served well. Management has to be of the right caliber to be able to do this effectively. It is therefore important that the recruitment exercise is properly carried out so that the right persons (with the necessary skills and talent) are chosen to fill positions. Another of PPQ’s current weakness is its low profit margin. Additionally, its share of the market is very low. Although no information was provided on the market share of

Organizational Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Theory - Assignment Example Also, the paper will review the criticisms that have been generated towards the two assumptions. While ontology is associated with the nature of an event, epistemology is about the way people understand such an event (Gioia, 2003). The classification of the two assumptions, therefore, can be based on an individual’s belief considering that objective existence is inherent in the world, or because the reality of an event is based on a mediated social understanding. In this sense, prior to human judgement, objective ontology presumes that natural and social reality occurs independently (Johnson and Duberley, 2000: 180). In view of this assumption, objective epistemology takes into consideration the causal inter variable relationships, and assumes that the reality does not originate in an individual, but rather from sensory experiences. Having said this, the manner in which an individual understands an event is acquired from measurement, touch, taste, or observation (Johnson and Duberley, 2000). Furthermore, the epistemology of objectivity seeks to generalize theories by mak ing a very important presumption that the theory applies to all people in the world regardless of the context and circumstances. A good example of a research that best shows a theory-approach alignment is one conducted in by Cooper and Sobol (1969) investigating seniority and employment testing as a criteria for hiring and promoting employees. In this paper, the theory being used is the disparate impact theory while the approach is basically a case study complex, while epistemology is constructionism coupled with positivism. By analyzing the various cases where the use of seniority and testing were deemed to be violating the fair employment laws, Cooper and Sobol (1969) went on to suggest that depending on who is analyzing the cases may take different meanings because of their constructionist approach. They

Automated Process of Accounting Information Systems Essay

Automated Process of Accounting Information Systems - Essay Example The parts of development for payroll are with the time clocks and reporting of the statements to accounting and human resources. A worker must clock in to an electric time clock that will send the information to server that creates a time card report on every worker. Finally of the pay time, management signs off on every workers time and prints statements into pay checks signed by the treasurer. The accounts payable method runs quite easily with the exemption of cash on delivery dealings. Like accounts payable, accounts receivable is uncomplicated. Most dealings happen by point of sale, meaning when a consumer takes goods from the store, it is paid for by credit card or cash straight away. Occasionally, with approval from management, a consumer can charge the goods to an in store account. When this occurs, the industry sends invoice to the client. Later, the industry deposits the cash in the bank. The inventory method poses the largest cost to the industry. Additionally, when inventory is too small and unavailable, it reasons the industry sales. To combat this difficulty, the industry should execute a small and too high stock alert method. This will assist the industry to meet successor 95% stock level goal. The recommended changes, for instance using electronic system that tracks inventory and implementing industry specific software, account receivables and payables would give a reliable, secure and useful way to track natural resources from the point of replenishment, to the post of the finished goods, and at last through invoicing management. The alteration would put the industry incomes, expenses, and returns in one electronic platform accessed by the administration of Kudler industry. â€Å"Kudler needs to define the marketing problem and the opportunity for increased customer satisfaction. At this time the problem seems to be related to gathering research and information to expand their current service offerings into areas such

Developing Strategies to Address Strategic Issues Assignment

Developing Strategies to Address Strategic Issues - Assignment Example The organization offers health care services through their free clinics and not-for-profit pharmacies located in different parts of the world, thereby assisting the poor. The strategic issue identified in the organization concerns the increasing demand from the patients, and on the other hand, different forms of institutions that offer healthcare service are decreasing significantly (American Hospital Association, 2009). There is need to apply the five processes to this strategic issue in order to determine the most helpful in a formulation of a strategy. The practical alternatives that can be applied in solving the problems arising from this strategic issue are seeking financial aid from other organization, from the governments and donors. Therefore, this can help AmeriCare to gather funds for setting up more facilities to deal with increasing demand from patients in future. The possible barriers to realizing the alternatives are interference by the political and economic factors. For instance, various political actors in certain countries can set policies that have a negative impact on operations of the organization. On the other hand, the economic factor such as a recession can hinder expansion of facilities and receive of government aid. Some of the major proposals that can be pursued to achieve alternatives, dreams and to overcome the barriers are to create awareness of the organization among independent parties that do not have government interferences (Bryson, 1988). Given that, these parties can assist the organization even during the recession; this can help overcome barriers and facilitate achievement of the dreams. Therefore, there is need to develop marketing strategies to promote the organization, whereby numerous parties will be informed about the existence of the organization and the responsibilities taken by the organization in the society (Taylor, 1984).  

Individual academic and practical 'state-of-the-art' report Essay

Individual academic and practical 'state-of-the-art' report - Essay Example The perspective of the entrepreneur and the management of new venture is clearly seen through the fact that real entrepreneur should see the opportunity for creating and managing this venture. It is stated, that 'the fundamental activity of entrepreneurship is new venture creation'. (Carland, Hoy & Carland, 1988) However, it is also argumentative, whether this statement should be added with the more specific characteristics as for profitability of this enterprise. This is a dubious aspect, as ventures are initially different, and often entrepreneurship is meant for creation of non-profit enterprise, but in any case the recognition of the opportunity is the basic factor of entrepreneurship and is the start of new venture creation and management. This recognition of opportunity can be recognized through the two different views: a) the opportunity for the formation of a new venture; b) the opportunity for the significant improvement of the already existing venture. One of the most important perspectives of entrepreneurship in venture management is recognition of these opportunities, because on the one hand without this recognition new ventures would not be created or improved, and on the other hand, this recognition is the display of these very entrepreneurial characteristics of the person. Thus, they may partially be equated. However, entrepreneurship cannot be limited to the search and recognition of opportunities. It is of course an everlasting process in managing any new venture, because any action the entrepreneur has to take to improve or change the business is again the recognition of new opportunity for this change and improvement, as well as profitable use of this opportunity. 'Entrepreneurship is the process of identifying opportunities, marshalling the resources needed to take advantage of the opportunities, and creating a new venture for the purposes of providing needed products/ services to customers and achieving a profit.' (Fletcehr, 2006) It is meaningful, that the world 'entrepreneur' is taken from a French verb which is translated as 'to undertake'. The word 'undertaking' is core for defining the essence of entrepreneurship. It means that a person is able and willing to take certain steps on his (her) own initiative for the achievement of the certain set goals. Another perspective of the entrepreneur when managing new venture can be seen through the fact that entrepreneurship involves risks, and the risk of failure for new ventures is especially high. This is why in order to be successful in managing a new venture the entrepreneur should be able to take decisions and to tolerate the conditions of risk, not only surviving in them, but developing and expanding business. Venture entrepreneurship is somewhat different from the innovation entrepreneurship. (Aldrich & Martinez, 2001) While venture entrepreneurship is connected with the creation of the new ventures, and as a result, of new jobs and positive growth of GDP, innovation entrepreneurship will later be discussed in this work and is connected with the improvements made in already existing enterprises. Comparing these two kinds of entrepreneurship, it is appropriate to suggest that while newly created ventures are mostly small, but

The Causes and Consequences of a Currency Crisis Essay

The Causes and Consequences of a Currency Crisis - Essay Example This creates inflation and a current account deficit, which may lead investors to doubt the exchange rate peg. Speculators eventually mount an attack--that is, they demand foreign reserves in exchange for the domestic currency. To defend the peg, the monetary authorities sell off foreign exchange reserves. When the reserves fall to a certain point, the government is faced with a choice: should it break its external promise (to keep the exchange rate fixed) or keep its internal political constituents happy (by not raising taxes or cutting spending) Governments usually choose internal objectives over external constraints; that is, there is a currency crisis. A model like this works well in helping to understand the breakdown of inflationary economies, like Russia in 1998. But such models don't help understand recent crises in Asia. Most Asian countries had admirable monetary and fiscal policies that were viewed as being sustainable. The second model views currency crises as shifts between different monetary policy equilibria; here speculative attacks can be self-fulfilling even against countries with sound policies. In these models, market speculators initiate attacks based on their beliefs about the willingness of policymakers to resist pressure on the exchange rate. When markets perceive that conditions, such as high unemployment or a weak banking system, compromise the central bank's willingness to defend the currency peg by raising interest rates, speculative attacks are more likely to succeed. When a country faces a currency crisis, other countries are affected mainly because of international trade. Thailand faced a financial crisis which led to Malaysia and Indonesia's currency situation as these countries were Thailand's main trade competitors. Hence, trade is regional so currency crises are regional. Recessions are associated with currency crises and Last Name 3 lead to a fall in imports. Trade flows are disrupted as one country's imports fall causes another country's exports to decrease. Once trade flows are disrupted, major issues occur as free trade is a wonderful thing. There are many models that attempt to explain the phenomenon of how a financial crisis is formed. Chang and Velasco (1998) suggest a useful model should consist of the following features, "It must not rely on government misbehavior to generate the crisisIt must be general enough to accommodate a wide variety of macroeconomic circumstancesIt must be specific enough to explain why in some of these macroeconomic scenarios a crisis occurs, and in some it does notIt must account for the high observed correlation between exchange rate collapses and banking crisesIt must replicate the puzzling fact that the punishment is much larger than the crime" The transferring of information in international financial markets can cause most of the information to become trapped. Minute changes in information can cause incredible behaviour by international investors. During a currency crisis, governments tend to expropriate foreign funds in an attempt to raise funds. (Chari and Kehoe, 1997). Their model implies that only governments with weak reputations are subject to volatile capital flows. Thailand faced incredible external (foreign) debts. As its debts increased, creditors wondered if it could meet its obligations. Hence, supply

Measuring Public Sector Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Measuring Public Sector Performance - Essay Example Then, common models of performance measurement and how they were developed are investigated. Third, the public and private sectors are compared and contrasted to highlight similarities and differences in their functions, goals, and outputs. Fourth, key developments in private and public sector performance measures are reviewed and discussed to highlight the convergence in the efforts of each sector to address stakeholder expectations. The paper concludes with a set of observations that disprove the hypothesis by showing that performance measurement as a basis for financial accountability and management in both the private and public sectors has become more complex and difficult and provide challenges for everyone. Any discussion of organisational performance begins with an understanding of the nature of human organisations and why they exist. Like the human beings who establish them, every organisation exists for a purpose, a set of goals or objectives that has to be achieved. By custom and for analytical convenience, organisations are classified based on their main purpose; thus, there are private-sector, public-sector, not-for-profit, institutional, voluntary, and mixed organisations. Table 1 summarises each of these organisational types, their specific purposes, and some basic examples of each. Regardless of the type, an organisation can be ... Like the human beings who establish them, every organisation exists for a purpose, a set of goals or objectives that has to be achieved. By custom and for analytical convenience, organisations are classified based on their main purpose; thus, there are private-sector, public-sector, not-for-profit, institutional, voluntary, and mixed organisations. Table 1 summarises each of these organisational types, their specific purposes, and some basic examples of each. Regardless of the type, an organisation can be said to be successful if it meets the purpose(s) for which it is established, and with success comes its continued growth and existence. Otherwise, it would be better for an organisation that does not meet its purpose for existing to close down. This is where accounting as a management tool proves its usefulness because it helps provide public sector organisations with the means to measure performance (Jones et al., 2002). It helps any organisation determine whether it is meeting its purpose, and it is for this reason that management accountants have developed a growing body of organisational science around the notion of performance measurement. This was not, however, the case until in the previous century when increased globalisation and competition for limited resources pushed organisations to measure performance against their purpose for existence and in comparison with their competitors (Lothian, 1987; Fitzgerald et al, 1991). The term "performance" captures the notion of how an organisation operates in comparison to its purpose. Thus, performance measurement has been described (Neely, 1998; Kunz et al., 2002; Moullin, 2003) as an assessment of how an organisation performs and includes measures

Effects of race on the perception of Guilt Essay Example for Free

Effects of race on the perception of Guilt Essay Affective mood disorders are mental disorders characterised by disturbances in mood and emotional states, unlike Schizophrenia, the most severe of mental disorders, which is distinguished by problems with thought processes. These affective mood disorders can include variations such as Bipolar disorders where the patient experiences two extreme states; mania accompanied with depression and Unipolar disorders where only the depressive state is present. There have been many suggestions as to the cause of these disorders. It has long been thought that there are two types of depression: reactive and endogenous. Reactive depression follows the psychodynamic view that depression relates to life events such as loss of a loved one and endogenous depression mirrors the cognitive approach where the individual attributes failures internally thus bringing on depression. However the DSM-IV only lists two sub-types of depression, which are reliant upon the length that the patient has suffered for. These are major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder. Biochemical explanations are mainly associated with unipolar depression and were developed in the 1950s with the introduction of Tricyclic drugs, which were discovered to help those with depressive symptoms. It has been suggested that chemical imbalances in the brain cause these depressive symptoms. Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine are believed to be of a higher level in patients with no signs of depression compared to lower levels in those with depression (Schildkraut, Green and Mooney, 1985, in Gleitman et al, 1999) However, it is only possible to investigate this by measuring the by-products of the metabolising neurotransmitters. Although it has been found that patients with depression have lower levels of these by-products, Cooper (1988, in Cardwell et al, 2000) carried out post-mortems on patients who had suffered from depression and found that there was no abnormality in the chemicals of the brain. Medications used to treat depression can be used in support of the biochemical hypothesis as drugs such as Lithium and Tricyclic antidepressants increase the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain implying that it was the shortage of these chemicals that was causing the depression. Rosenzwig, Leiman and Breedloves (1996, in Gleitman et al, 1999) experiment also supports this view as it was discovered that lowering the levels of the neurotransmitters works in reverse and can cause depression. However, these anti-depressant drugs cause an immediate increase in the levels of norepinephrine, following the biochemical hypothesis once the norepinephrine level is increased depressive symptoms should disappear. In fact it takes 2-3 weeks after first taking the drugs for an effect to be seen, yet within a couple of days after taking the drugs the norepinephrine levels have returned to their previous level. This hinders the biochemical hypothesis and suggests that it may not purely be a chemical imbalance that causes depression. Patients who suffer with bipolar depression also have low levels of norepinephrine during a depressed phase, returning to a higher level when in a manic stage, (Muscettola et al, 1984,in Gleitman et al, 1999) the switch between the manic and depressive phases occur very quickly and without external influences, indicating that it is in fact a biological rather than psychological reason that causes this switch to take place. Another strand to the biological approach is the question; does depression run in families? The biological explanation supports this suggestion. There have been numerous twin studies comparing concordance rates of MZ (identical twins) with DZ (non-identical) twins, all giving evidence for some genetic transmission. Evidence for a genetic link concerning bipolar disorders comes from a study carried out by Hodgkinson, Mullan and Gurling, (1990, in Gleitman et al, 1999); they discovered that patients who had bipolar disorder also had an enzyme deficiency accompanied by a type of colour blindness. All of these irregularities are caused by a defect on the X-chromosome. This indicates that the genetic cause of bipolar disorder also lies with the x-chromosome and may explain to a certain degree why it has been found that more women than men suffer from bipolar depression. However it is important to note that women, no matter what culture have a different social support structure to men, allowing them to talk more about their problems. Therefore it may simply be the case that more women report their problems than men, who keep their feelings of depression to themselves. This difference also occurs with unipolar depression and can be accounted for by the vast amounts of hormonal changes women endure through menstruation, child carrying and the menopause. McGuffin et al (1996) compared 109 pairs of twins and found a rate of 46 per cent concordance in MZ twins to that of 20 per cent in DZ twins; this study shows a genetic link for depression but that it is not the only factor. If depression were only caused by genetics then the concordance rates would be 100 per cent for MZ twins and 50 per cent for DZ twins, suggesting that other factors play an important role. This genetic link may be due to environmental factors as the patients are likely to live in a shared environment. This suggests that the concordance rates occur not because depression is hereditary but because it can be learnt. This however could also work in reverse; a relative may not suffer from depression because they have experienced depression and have learnt ways to cope with their feelings and experiences. This can also be illustrated by Siever, Davis, and Gorman, (1991, in Gleitman et al, 1999) who carried out twin studies that showed identical twins were four times more likely to both suffer from a mood disorder than non-identical twins. Identical twins have a closer shared environment than non-identical twins, which may account for the higher concordance rate amongst identical twins.

Happy people make people happy Essay Example for Free

Happy people make people happy Essay Like yawning, many recent studies have proved that laughter is contagious. Does this necessarily imply that when you smile to a complete stranger, he will smile back to you? Or on the other hand, when you frown at a complete stranger, he will frown at you as well? To find out the answer, we designed an experiment to test will happy people make people happy. Independent variables are the factors we manipulated. There are two independent variables in this test. The first one is our emotion conditions when having eye contact with the strangers, i. e. smile condition, frown condition and control condition. We define smile condition as smiling without teeth, frown condition as knitting our brows, and control condition as having a neutral facial expression. The second one is gender. To understand if gender matching matters, we will test the three conditions with strangers with the same gender and the opposite gender. Dependent variables are the variables being tested in the experiment. In this test, the dependent variables are the responses from the participants. We will rate their responded expression in 5 categories: clear frown, small frown, neutral, small smile, and clear smile. However, there are confounding factors that may affect the results of the experiment. Confounds are the extraneous variables in an experimental design that correlates with both the independent and dependent variables. Possible confound is the original facial expression of participants. Randomly choosing participants is a way to prevent confounds. To further eliminate confounds, we will choose complete strangers as participants and will not tell them about our test beforehand as they may confound the result by giving us what they believe we want to see. The last thing we do is to execute this test in a consistent way. We have strict control over our facial expression to make sure that our expressions will not defer a lot among participants. This is not a simple test as what we originally consider. The first obstacle we encounter is not having enough confidence to frown at people. It is not difficult to smile at strangers, but frowning at strangers is somewhat weird  that we hesitate for a long time before having confidence to complete the test. The second obstacle we encounter is there are possible biases in choosing participants. For example, we tend to choose participants with the same race or at similar ages with us. This may create possible confounding factors to the test. The last obstacle we encounter is finding suitable participants. Since we want to choose participants that are walking alone and not distracted by phones or music, surprisingly there are only a few can be found around campus. It takes us quite a lot of effort and time in finding suitable participants for the test. Before conducting the test, we state our hypothesis as when we smile to people, people will smile back to us; whereas when we frown at people, people will frown at us as well. We come out with this hypothesis because we believe ones emotion can influence others, that is when there are optimistic and happy people in a group, other members in the group will become happy more easily; whereas when people in a group are generally in a pessimistic and unhappy mood, other members in the group will be influenced and become unhappy as well.

A Marketing Analysis Of Air Asia Marketing Essay

A Marketing Analysis Of Air Asia Marketing Essay In order to make sure that the slogan of Now Everyone Can Fly, Airasia had launched Low Fare Campaign in order to attract the customers to fly with a low fare. The objectives of this campaign are to offer low fares to customer to travel and offer discounts to the public in order to encourage more people to fly with Airasia. Moreover, this will lead to new market entry of first-time user. (Thestar, 2007) 2.0 Airasia Market analysis 2.1 PESTEL analysis Political Factor Airasia airline had planned to build a new single-runway airport in Labu, Negeri Sembilan with the Sime Darby in 2009 and been approved by the government. However, the plan has been cancelled due to the Stated-owned Malaysia Airports had tried to stop to build the new terminal and disagreement with former Prime Minister, Tun Mahathir. (Flightglobal, 2009) Economic Factor In 2010, Malaysia Government had introduced one government policy which is 10 Malaysia Plan to the public in order to unleash the growth of economic. The Airport development is one of the plans as Malaysia Government expects the passengers amount will increase to 62 million in 2015. A new low cost terminal will be built by the in Kuala Lumpur International Airport for Airasia and has larger terminal. (Midfresearch, 2010) Social Cultural Factor Malaysia is the country which has 3 ethnics and the cultures are unique. Airasia believes that the communities are expecting that the airline can treat every ethnic equally. In order to do that, Airasia is practicing the meritocracy culture whereby the employees hired not based on the age and ethnic. (Airasia, 2009) Technological Factor Airasia has implemented information technology in running the operations of the airline to save the costs. The information technologies that implemented are yield management system and computer reservation system. The systems can help the airline to save the costs by recording on revenue and transactions in daily operations. (Management of Technology, 2009) Environmental Factor Airasia has invested in the latest technology and full utilization of the aircraft in protecting the environment and A320 airbus which is more efficient to operate and more save fuel is used. Airasia ticketless system and near paperless office are the strategies to cut down the waste of paper. (Airasia, 2009) Legal Factor In order to operate in Malaysia, Airasia must apply the Air Service License from the Malaysia Civil Aviation. The regulations such as Civil Aviation Act 1969 and Aviation Offences Act 1984 must be followed. (Airasia, 2004) 2.2 SWOT analysis Strength Analysis Low Cost Carrier business model is one of the strength of Airasia in order to compete in the airline industry. The second is Airasia has a very strong relationship with the government and the airline industry leaders. The third is well established of brand name in Asia Pacific. (Management of Technology, 2009) Weakness Analysis The Airasia main weakness is the airline more reliable on the out sourcing workforce. The other weaknesses are the service resource is limited and the airline is receiving many complaints on the no-refundable of the ticket canceled and the delay of flight. (Management of Technology, 2009) Opportunity Analysis The first opportunity is the ever-increasing oil price which enables Airasia to compete with other low cost airline. (Management of Technology, 2009). ASEAN Open Skies agreement that achieved which is allows Airasia to run unlimited flights among ASEANS regional is also an opportunity. (Wong, 2009) Threat Analysis The first threat is the services rates (airport departure, security charges) are controlled by the airline. The other threats are other entrance of low cost airline and the operation cost is increase due to the services that added. (Wong, 2009) 2.3Trend and Current Position 2.3.1 Airasia Trend In 2009, the low-cost carrier airline that established well had proved that has sufficient power to operate across the region in different market and economic. Airasia airline is the fast-growing and profit earning steadily airline which had increased the profit for the past. Airasia is also able to grow the market share in the Southeast Asia and had introduced the low-cost long-haul carrier whereby can offering the passenger cheaper fare. Airasia has started to have partnership with other low cost airline to reduce the airline operation costs such as ground-handling services. (Flightglobal, 2010) 2.3.2 Airasia and Competitors Current Position In Malaysia, the main competitor of Airasia is the Malaysia Airline System (MAS) which is Malaysias National Airline. In order to compete with Airasia, MAS had launched the first low cost airline which is Firefly. The airline is the test-bed in running low-cost operation. In March 2007, Malaysia Airline System had launched the first community and low cost airline which is Firefly to compete with other low cost airline. The Firefly airline is the test-bed of Malaysia Airline System in running the low-cost operation instead to test for new market segmentation and the Malaysia Airline System will adapt and expand it into national carrier if the operation of Firefly is proven success and gain stability. (Datamonitor, 2008). Due to the existing of new competitor, Airasia Malaysia has two competitors in Malaysia. However, the prices of airline ticket in Airasia is the main advantage and able to maintain current position as low-cost carrier. Particular Malaysia Airline Airasia Firefly Airfare Non RM15 RM130 Service Charge RM9 Non Non Surcharge RM76 RM47.50 RM51 Total RM85 RM62.50 RM181 (Prices Comparison for one person one way ticket to Pulau Langkawi during promotion) (Reference: Amdtaufik, 2008) 3.0 Objective 3.1 Corporate Objective The first objective of Airasia is to become the largest low cost airline organization in Asia by provide services to 3 billion people. Second objective is to attain with the lowest cost and lead to everyone can fly. The third objective is to maintain the product quality and reduce the costs. 3.2 Communication and Marketing Objectives The first communication objective of Airasia is to promote the organization, services and products through the effective communication program to the customers. The second objective is to make sure that there is a communication relationship between the Airasia and the customers and the relationship can be strengthen through the campaign awareness and brand reputation. The third objective is to expand the communication and media strategy in order to create brand or product awareness to the customers in order to achieve the organization goal. The last communication objective is to maintain the good relationship with the customers and keep updating customers with organization informations. (JobDB, 2011) 4.0 Marketing Communication Tool Low Fare Campaign 4.1Advertising In order to communicate with the target audience, Airasia is using advertising as a tool in introducing the products and services. One of the important advertising media that frequently used is the social media. The advantages of using social media are the internet enable the interactive capabilities, high selectivity by the users and the cost is low. In Airasia, the organization strongly agrees that social media is playing an important role in order for the organization to do advertising and build a consumer group that contributing trust to brand and value. Nowadays, the internet had made the people able to connect with the whole world people easily and more time is spending for online. By using social media, the messages of the products and services can be reaching out and able to share out the content of message effectively. Besides that, the social media is able to provide a channel of communication for the organization to run the activity such as low fare promotions, new product launching and news announcement. Moreover, the social media able to create a communication platform for the Airasia to connect with the people and enable the people to have more understanding on the organization. (Airasia,2009) Airasia had started the corporate blog (www.blog.airasia.com) in 2008 and Facebook (www.facebook.com/AirAsia) in 2009. The effectiveness and efficiencies of the social media enable Airasia to reach the number of fans and creating a strong relation community. For the community, they are able to get the latest information about the campaign that launched by Airasia through the social media. (Airasia, 2011) Another method of Airasia to run the advertising is using the Airspace advertising whereby the unique and effective way of advertising can be done to reach all the customers who take the flight. With the new approach of advertising and more cost saving, the messages can be reaching to large coverage of passengers.   This allows the messages of the campaign directly communicate with the passenger and can across effectively whether on the ground or in the sky. The advertisements of the campaign can be placed in the auto boarding pass, the information counter, sales office and on the passengers seats. (Airasia, 2010) Besides that, Airasia use newspaper as advertising media. By using the newspaper, the messages of the campaign can be more flexible to access to the different coverage of markets and the target audiences are different. The newspaper medias that used by Airasia in Malaysia are Star, Sin Chew Daily, China Press, Berita Harian and others. (Lee and Johnson, 2005) 4.2 Direct marketing Direct marketing is an interactive system that can helps the organization to personalized communications between them and the customers. With the help of computer and internet development nowadays, the organization is able to run two way communications for their products and services. (Lee and Johnson, 2005) In order to increase the awareness of the organization to the customers, Airasia is using direct marketing in order to encourage the interactions between organizations and allow users to be more understanding on the brand. One of the direct marketing tool that used by Airasia is the Yahoo Mobile. Airasia is promoting and sending the messages to the customers by using other website. Airasia has corporate with Yahoo Mobile whereby the organization allows Airasia mobile website to put the banner advertisement on the Yahoo mobile homepage, yahoo mail and yahoo search. The mobile users just need to access to the Yahoo Mobile and click to the Airasia banner, the link will automatically connect to the Airasia Website. By this, the customers can book the flight tickets, checking the ticket booking status and access to the promoting campaign. These services and information assessment through mobile technology has lead to the increasing in awareness of the organization and campaign promotion. Moreover, this direct marketing method had lead to the good responses from the users whereby the total click to the website is 108,405 clicks and the rate is 1.78 percent after 28days launching. (Mobilemarketer, 2009) 4.3 Public Relation There are many activities that can be carried by the public relation in order to communicate to the related party. In Airasia, one of the activities that carried out by the Public Relation is the Corporate Social Responsibility. The features in this concept are the organization shares the values and joyfulness in with the related parties. Airasia is celebrating the times of joy with the communities, practicing the communities value and traditions and delivering cares to them. There are few area that focused by the Airasia in caring out this activity. The first area is the organization work place. Airasia is practicing the meritocracy culture and the employees are hired due to their performance and ability. The elements like gender, creed, age and ethic are not considered in the hiring process. By practicing the meritocracy culture, Airasia believe that they can strive to exceed the communitys high expectation and provides equally treatment to all the communities. The second area that focused is helping the communities to pass the hard time. There was an earthquake happened in 2009 and had shocked many communities in Indonesia. At that moment, the Airasia decided to lend a hand and running the charity flight to help the victims to go out from that place. Moreover, the Airasia in Malaysia is also helping out in providing the cargo space to deliver the goods for the victims. Airasia always help the victims of disaster and providing joyfulness and hope to them. The last area that focused is minimizing the environment impact in creating greener environment. The first thing Airasia do is promoting the recycle concept to the work place environment and encourage paperless system office to be run. Moreover, self service check-in options is encouraged by the organization in order to helps in reduce the need for expensive airport infrastructure. The efficient and simple ground environment is the main policy in protecting the environment. (Airasia, 2009) 5.0 Airasia Marketing Strategies 5.1 Pull and Profile Strategy Airasia is using the Pull Strategy to deliver the low fare campaign information directly to the end-user customers. The purposes of the messages delivered are to increase the campaign awareness, encourage the customers involvement and to influence the customer perception. By these, the customer behavior and perception may be changed and lead to the purchasing of the products. Moreover, Airasia use this strategy to encourage and attract the customers to purchase airline through the website channel. For Airasia to complete and deliver the pull strategy, the method that use can be deliver the message through the social media or website by offering the low fare promotion to the customers. (Fill , 2006) Airasia is using the Profile Strategy which is using different messages in target all the stakeholders that related. The stakeholders of Airasia are customers, employees, regulators and the local communities. This strategy is including the pull selling which is requires high promoting to attract the customers and push strategy which is forces from the organization to increase the customer demand. By using this strategy through different marketing communication tools to deliver different message, Airasia is able to build up the awareness of the low fare campaign and the perception of communities toward the campaign. (Fill , 2006) 5.2 Unique Selling Propositions In order to be unique selling proposition, the strategy that used by Airasia is low cost carrier and has come out the vision of in becoming the largest low cost airline in Asia and makes the dream of average income people to fly happens. The slogan that implement for the strategy is Now Everyone Can Fly whereby the tickets prices are lower. To become differently from others airline, Airasia has implementing few strategies in order to make sure that the low fare model is possible to run. The first strategy that Airasia apply is the Safety First strategy on the maintenance of the airplane. The organization is follow the others world airline operation safety strategy and partnering with the worlds recognize repairing and maintenance manufacturer. The second strategy is the High Aircraft Utilization where the Airasia implementing the fastest turnover time in make sure the cost can be lower and productivity is high.   The third strategy is low fare and no frill whereby providing the services without promises on the quality. The last strategy is providing more different distribution channels such as Airasia Mobile and booking website for the customers to check the booking and the flight schedule informations. (Airasia, 2010) 6.0 Airasia Communication Campaign Cost Outline Cost 2008 2009 Revenue RM 2,81,526,000 RM3,072,049,000 Marketing Communication Campaign Cost (Avdertising, Direct Maketing and Public Relation) RM 5,630,520 RM 61440980 (Reference: Airasia, 2009) Airasia is using 2% of the yearly avenue to invest in the marketing communication campaign in order to create awareness of products and services among the communities. (Low, 2010) The costs that spend for 2008 are RM 5,630,520 and RM 61440980 for 2009. 7.0 Methods of measuring the effectiveness of the marketing communication There are few methods that Airasia can use to measure the effectiveness of the marketing communication in the Zero Fare Campaign. The first method is the Pre-Testing whereby the marketing communication concept, targeting group and behaviour are pre-test before the launching of campaign. This test can be done by the qualitative and quantitative method which is giving out survey forms and collect opinions. The second method is Post-Testing whereby the effectiveness of marketing communication is evaluated after the campaign launching. Airasia can use the behavioural test to measures the responses and perception of consumer on the marketing communication after Zero Fare campaign was launched. Moreover, Airasia can also use the sales test which is the measures on the sales and then will get result on the marketing communication effectiveness. The third method is Tracking Studies which is the study is involves the collection data of the consumer perception toward the campaign. Airasia can use the interview method to collect the data of consumer perception on the marketing communication of the campaign and what message that gets from the campaign. By this, the organization is able to more understand on the consumer perception and a good record for future marketing communication plan. The fourth method is Likeability test which is testing the level of consumer enjoyment on the marketing communication of the campaign. The result will lead to the sales result and the consumer satisfaction result. (Fill, 2006) Total word count: 2986 words

Frank Lloyd Wright :: essays research papers

Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright was born as Frank Lincoln Wright in Richland Center in southwestern Wisconsin, on June 8, 1867. His father, William Carey Wright, was a musician and a preacher. His mother, Anna Lloyd-Jones was a teacher(1 Compton). It is said that Anna Lloyd-Jones placed pictures of great buildings in young Frank's nursery as part of training him up from the earliest possible moment as an architect. Wright spent some of his time growing up at the farm owned by his uncles near Spring Green, Wisconsin. Frank Lloyd Wright was of Welsh ethnic heritage, and was brought up in the Unitarian faith. Wright briefly studied civil engineering at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, after which he moved to Chicago to work for a year in the architectural firm of J. Lyman Silsbee. In 1887, he hired on as a draftsman in the firm of Adler and Sullivan, run by Louis Sullivan (design) and Dankmar Adler (engineering) at the time the firm was designing Chicago's Auditorium Building(1 Compton). Wright eventually became the chief draftsman, and also the man in charge of the firm's residential designs. Under Sullivan, whom Wright called "Lieber Meister" (beloved master), Wright began to develop his own architectural ideas. In 1889 he married his first wife, Catherine Tobin. He also designed houses on his own toward the end, homes Wright called â€Å"bootlegged† (2 Encarta) which were done against Alder and Sullivan's policies concerning such moonlighting. When Louis Sullivan found out about these homes, Wright was fired from the firm. The bootlegged houses showed the start of Wright's low, sheltering rooflines, the prominence of the central fireplace, and "the destruction of the box" open floorplans. The Adler and Sullivan firm was just the right place to be for a young man aspiring to be a great architect, as it was at the leading edge of American architecture at the time. Wright started his own firm in 1893 after being fired from Adler and Sullivan, first working out of the Schiller building (designed by Adler and Sullivan) and then out of a studio which was built onto his home in Oak Park, an affluent suburb of Chicago which is located just to the west of the center of the city. Between 1893 and 1901, 49 buildings designed by Wright were built. During this period he began to develop his ideas which would come together in his "Prairie House" concept(1 Compton). Into 1909, he developed and refined the prairie style. Frank Lloyd Wright founded the â€Å"prairie school† of architecture, and his art of this early productive period in

The Characters in The Matrix Essays -- The Matrix Science Fiction Movi

The Characters in The Matrix The Matrix (Wachowski & Wachowski 1999) is a battery powering an unending chatter of thought, images, productions, and discourse. In the film, a stabbing needle penetrates the black plug mounted on the back of a human skull, and the mind is overwhelmed by the matrix, an extensive simulacral world that, to its unknowing inhabitants, is in every way the same as reality, and to those merely passing through, is a sinister, green-tinted prison. The film sets, by dialogue and symbolism, a place for analysis, theology, theory, philosophy, and criticism that accommodates any stance within a language of freedom, choice, perception, reality, simulation, mind, computer code, and body. Rationalizations of and within these terms get a place at the table. This setting incites discussion as it limits it. For instance, we have a ready means to discuss what knowing a thing really means, but we are in less of a position to discuss how such paranoia gets off the ground. However, the accessible ph ilosophical vocabulary everywhere present in the film ought not overwhelm our resources to move amongst the dimly legible codes and technologies of the cinematic body and world – the stylized sequences of events that produce the reactions in a viewer that give the film meaning. In this capacity for aesthetic indulgence – and contrary to the theoretical window dressing of the script, The Matrix makes an audio-visual presentation that reformulates agency as a matter of effect rather than choice. Thinking it Everyone knows the movie is full of really captivating philosophical questions. Why is it that, when you’re hurt in the virtual world, you bleed in the real world? Very heavy stuff. The film is easy to transla... ... visible when at a computer than in everyday non-solitary life. Your mother is not watching. [11] In a sense, this pre-9/11 movie set the stage for a kind of sympathy Americans had with terrorists who they could not call cowards. The appeal of a boldness to do what they said out of nowhere and going nowhere is revealing of what disciplines such style juxtaposes itself to. [12] Or machines or computers to bring back the specter of â€Å"the place of technology† in the matrix. Idealized guns, though, are what make the movie go. Guns that never jam, are always beautiful, and are better tossed than reloaded. They are the almost the only way to kill anyone, they are always stylish and specifically chosen, and they make the same comment on how to get your way that the characters do: threats and violence.

Ray Bradburys The Martian Chronicles Essay -- Ray Bradbury Martian Ch

Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the Martian Chronicles had been written in the 1999’s instead of fifty years ago, many issues and problems would change. Ray Bradbury wrote his book in 1946. In it he wrote about problems such as censorship, man’s cruelty to man, and loneliness. Each issue shows up in one or two of his chronicles. All of his issues affect every one of his characters in many different ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Censorship is a main problem or issue today, and in the book it shows up in one of his chronicles, â€Å"Usher II†. In this chronicle, a man builds a house of Usher. One man points (he was from a group that was against all forms of imagination) out, â€Å"No books, no houses, nothing to be produced which in any way suggests ghosts, vampires, fairies, or any creature of imagination.† Yet in this house he saw all of these things and more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The chronicle also brings up the issue of censoring certain books by authors such as Edgar Allen Poe. The house that is built is based on a house that is in one of Poe’s books. The unimaginative man is ignorant to the facts of Edgar A. P.’s books and does not even recognize the kind of death he was about to face that was directly copied out of a book. If it were to happen today and now, the only books that would be allowed would be schoolbooks, and even those books could not contain theories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That is the way censorship is brought up in the book. Today, however, it affects more than just books. It is used in movies, TV, news, magazines, and the Internet. Words, obscenity, and some vulgar things can be kept from the viewing audience. They can keep certain people, those seventeen and younger from seeing movies, TV, or Internet sites. In the book one character makes a point of saying, â€Å"ignorance is fatal.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Man’s cruelty to man is another issue in the Martian Chronicles that is and was a problem in the real world. In the book, it shows up in three chronicles, â€Å"Ylla†, â€Å"The Off Season†, and â€Å"Way in the Middle of the Air†. â€Å"Ylla† and â€Å"The Off Season† are more of family cruelty, while â€Å"Way in the Middle of the Air† deals more with racism. Both are reasons that people get hurt and even die for no reason. Or for a stupid reason like color or gender.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"Ylla†, Ylla, or Mrs. K., is noticing that her marriage is not as fun as it used to be and her and her husband don’t go out anymore. Bu... ...family live on Mars. His real family had died years before. He was so lonely that he created robots to replace his dead family. He could not handle the fact that his family had died and left him to live alone. Many people, if they could, would bring back their diseased family members, loved but unforgotten.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most people miss family and friends that have moved or died. Some just may be shy and not have friends. Loneliness is something one can’t do anything about. It will happen. You can’t even make a law against it because it is a feeling. Some get over there loneliness by meeting new people, but still others never get over it and live lonely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of these issues mentioned are important today and it the book. Some have become better of over the last fifty years; some have become worse. Other issues not chosen affect life and the world too. Although these issues are still a problem, the world is what it is because of the, be that good or bad. Censorship, man’s cruelty to man, and loneliness will affect us even if we are on another planet. However that does not mean that we shouldn’t try to stop the problem. If we work together we can abolish the wrongs of this world!

Tissue Culture Technique for Callus Induction

Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 23, No. 1, 2007 * Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar – Pakistan. ** Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad – Pakistan. TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES FOR CALLUS INDUCTION IN RICE Hidayat Ullah*, Iltaf Ullah*, Sultan Akbar Jadoon* and Hamid Rashid** ABSTRACT Seeds of two rice varieties Basmati-370 and Basmati-385 were evaluated for invitro callus induction at Agricultural Biotechnology Institute in National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad during 2001-02, using M.S and N6 media supplemented with 2, 4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxi acetic acid) and BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) at @ 2. 0, 2. 5 and 0. 1, 0. 5 mgl-1 respectively. Objective of our study is to know the actual procedure for seed sterilization and to provide a well-adopted technique for callus induction in these varieties by using M. S and N6 media along with different concentrations of growth hormo nes. Seeds were used as explant source and to avoid chance of contamination sodium hypochlorite and ethanol at the rate of 50% and 70% were used respectively.Best response toward callus induction were observed for Bas-385 on both MS and N6 media however N6 media was proved to be best. Calli obtained from Bas-385 were friable and vigorous as compare to Bas-370. Bas-370 respond moderately on MS and N6 media at various combinations of 2,4-D and BAP. Bas-370 on MS media supplemented with 2,4-D and BAP @ 2. 0 and 0. 1 mgl-1 gave good performance towards callus induction. Over all results indicated that best callus were induced on MS and N6 when supplemented with 2,4-D and BAP @2. 0 and 0. 0 mgl-1 for variety Bas-385. INTRODUCTION In Pakistan rice is the second leading crop after wheat.In 2000-2001, the world annual production of rice was 598 million tones (FAO 2002). Asia is the largest producer of rice, with Bangladesh, China, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnams as the leading rice produ cing nations. In Pakistan rice covered an area of 2. 52 million ha, with the production of 5. 16 million tones in 1999-2000. It also play important role in our national economy. During 1999-2000 about 1. 92 million tones of rice was exported and earn about 465. 8 million US$. Rice is susceptible to a range of diseases and pests, which annually destroy about 55 percent of rice crops. The most common diseases are caused by he fungi sheath blight and rice blast, and the stalk borer is a common insect pest. Rice is composed of essential food components, therefore more than two billions people in the globe depend on rice for more than half of the proteins and calories they consume (Khan et al. 2000). Due to its increasing importance in nutrition and economy, it is now felt that new varieties of rice, having good agronomic characters, should be evolved. Crop improvement through tissue culture techniques is easier and more often in use as compared to conventional plant breeding (Yamada, 19 86). Somaclonal variations commonly ppear after tissue culture, which involve a callus stage (Larkin and Scow Croft 1981). Callus is undifferentiated mass of rapidly proliferating cells, can be obtained by culturing explants source (seed, node, bud, leaves, meristem and root tips etc) on nutrient medium containing specific growth regulators along with a standard recipe of chemicals. Rashid et al. (2000) studied that rice seeds have more potential for callogenesis as compared to node or tip. Successful callus induction from rice seed has been reported by several researchers (Gonalz 2000; Navraj et al. 1999; Marrassi 1996; Valdez et al. 1997; Xie et al. 995). But an improved method for callogenesis was reported by Rashid et al. 2000). The present study is based on tissue culture techniques carried out in ABI laboratory for callus induction in rice varieties viz. Basmati-370 and Basmati-385. Two types of basal media M. S (Murashige and Skoog 1962) and N6 (Nitsch and Nitsch, 1969) suppl emented with 2,4-D (2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) alone or in combination with different concentrations of BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) were used for callus induction. Hidayat Ullah, et al. Tissue culture techniques for callus induction in rice†¦. 82 MATERIALS AND METHODSThe research work for callus induction in rice was conducted at the tissue culture laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology Institute in National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad, during 2001-02. The procedure of this research work has been divided in the following four main categories. Surface Sterilization of Rice Seeds Seeds of Basmati-370 and Basmati-385 were provided by rice programmed, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (ABI), National Agricultural Research Center Islamabad, and it was taken as explant source for callus induction. Healthy and mature seeds were selected by hysical appearance and they were dehusked manually. Seeds were first washed with detergent and then rinsed three times with simple tap water. For surface sterilization of seeds Clorox (5. 25% sodium hypochlorite) and ethanol was applied. After the applications of Clorox and ethanol seeds were rinsed thrice with autoclaved distilled water. Finally the seeds were dried with autoclaved filter paper, and they were shifted carefully to the culture room of Agricultural Biotechnology Institute. Basal Media Preparation M. S and N6 basal media were used for callus initiation. These media were prepared according to he ingredients (Table I). The exact amount of nutrients was dissolved in the distilled water. Two types of growth regulators 2,4-D alone or in combination with BAP was used for callus induction. 2,4-D @ 2. 0 and 2. 5 mg l-1 and BAP @ 0. 0, 0. 1, 0. 5 mg l-1 respectively was added in the media. Sucrose at the rate of 3% and agar at the rate of 0. 7% was also added in the media. PH of the media was adjusted at 5. 78-5. 80 with the help of PH-meter. M. S. and N6 media were poured into the test tubes, it was plugged properly and autoclaved at 20 lbs pressure for 15 minutes in the autoclave machine.Inoculation of Sterilized Seeds The most important step in tissue culture technique is the inoculation of seeds. This operation was performed in the laminar flow cabinet at the culture room of ABI. Before the operation surface sterilization of the laminar flow unit was carried by UV-light for two minutes. After that hands were disinfected with 75% ethanol to prevent chance of contamination. Dried seeds were then inoculated into test tubes under aseptic condition in laminar flow unit. To minimize chance of infection the instruments were dipped in disinfectant after every operation. Growth ChamberInoculated cultures were incubated at 25 ±3? C under the influence of 2000-lux light intensity for 16 hours photoperiod. Callus induction of rice seeds were observed after 21- days. The data for callus induction frequency were recorded for two rice varieties on two different media with differen t concentrations of growth regulators. Table I Composition of MS and N6 media Macronutrients KNO3 1900 2830 NH4NO3 1650 0 CaCl2. 2H2O 440 166 MgSO4 370 90. 37 KH2PO4 170 400 (NH4)2 SO4 — 463 Micronutrients MnSO4. H2O 16. 9 3. 33 H3BO3 6. 2 1. 6 KI 0. 83 0. 80 ZnSO4. 4H2O 8. 6 — ZnSO4. 7H2O — 1. 5 NaMoO4. 2H2O 0. 5 — CuSO4. 5H2O 0. 025 — CoCl2. 6H2O 0. 025 — Iron source FeSO4. 7H2O 27. 85 27. 85 NaEDTA 37. 25 37. 25 Vitamins Myoinositol 100 — Nicotinic Acid 0. 5 0. 5 Pyridoxine HCl 0. 5 0. 5 Thiamine HCl 0. 1 1. 0 Glycine 2. 0 — Sucrose 30g 30g Agar 7g 7g RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results obtained from tissue culture techniques of Bas-370 and Bas-385 performed in ABI laboratory and repeated three times from 10th February to Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 23, No. 1, 2007 83 October 2001. Chance of contamination was much low when both the varieties were treated with 50% Clorox and 70% ethanol. Oono (1981) also used eeds as explants source for rice callus induction. The main objective of our study is to know the actual procedure for seed sterilization and callogenesis in these cultivars. The potential of both varieties for callus induction was observed significantly different on M. S and N6 media at different concentrations of growth regulators. It is noteworthy that N6 and M. S media, which proved to be optimum for the growth of callus, were unable to support cell growth in liquid media. Callus induced from both the varieties were different at various level of 2,4-D and BAP. Maximum callus formation (62. 5%) was recorded or Bas-385, followed by Bas-370 (55. 55%) when seeds were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,[email  protected] 0 mgl-1 and 2mgl-1 2,4-D+0. 1mgl-1 BAP respectively (Table II and IV). Lowest callus of 41. 66 % was observed each for Bas-370 and Bas-385 when MS medium is supplemented with 2. 5 and 0. 5 mgl-1 of 2,4-D and BAP respectively. It is cleared that potential of Bas-385 towards callogenesi s was higher than Bas-370. Averaged across MS media callus induction frequency was 48. 14 % for BAS-370 vs 53. 22 % for BAS-385 (Fig 2). This is equivalent to the net reduction of 5. 08 % for BAS-370. Growth regulator 2,4-D at he rate of 2mgl-1 was suggested and proved to be best for callus induction in both the varieties. Using N6 media callus induction frequency ranged from 20. 83 to 68. 05% for both the varieties. When 2,[email  protected] was supplemented with N6 media, produced highest and good quality callus from Bas-385 (68. 05%) and minimum (20. 83%) from Bas-370 (Table III and IV). This result indicated positive correlation between 2,4-D and Bas-385 and negative for Bas-370. Average across N6 media callus induction frequency was 23. 6 % for Bas-370 vs 60. 64 % for Bas-385 (Fig. 3). This is equivalent to the net reduction of 7. 2 % for BAS- 370. Calli obtained from both the varieties were friable, granular, and yellow in color. So it was proved that N6 media is better for callus induction of rice as compared to M. S medium. Overall result of BAS-385 was best on various concentrations of 2,4-D and BAP on both, MS and N6 media. Callus form Bas-385 was healthy and more fleshy as compare to Bas-370 (Figure 1). The active division of cells was more prominent in the callus of Bas-385, that’s why it looks bulky. Secondly Bas-385 had more capacity for producing callus, especially when N6 media supplemented with 2,4- [email  protected]Agronomic features of Bas-385 are also better than Bas-370 because it is developed through hybridization between Bas-370 and TN-1. Callus induction must be dependent on the genetic potentials of the variety and secondly the combination of hormones at different concentration. Callus induction is the best way to create somaclonal variations in crop plants. Variations are the basis for improvement and some time this variation is heritable. Oono (1981) cultured seed explants of rice varieties and observed variation for cert ain agronomic characters that are also heritable. Once cultured techniques were stablished in rice, it become possible to apply them for callus regeneration and transformation. (b) Calli obtained from Bas-385 (a) Calli Obtained form Bas-370 Hidayat Ullah, et al. Tissue culture techniques for callus induction in rice†¦. 84 Table II Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-370 on M. S Medium Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox time/Ethano l time (min) Hormone in mg L-1 # Of inoculated test tubes % Contamination % Callus induction frequency % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 58. 33% 20. 83% 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 73. 61% 22. 22% 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 52. 77% 27. 77% Table III Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-370 on N6 Medium. Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox time/Ethano l time (min) Hormone used in mg L-1 # Of inoculated test tubes % Contami nation % Callus induction frequency % Clorox % Eth anol 2,4-D BAP % Clorox 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 1 50 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 2 50 3 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 3 50 Table IV Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-385 on M. S Medium. Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox /Ethanol time (min) Hormone used in mg L-1 Of inoculated test tubes % Contami nation % Callus induction % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP % Clorox 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 1 50 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 2 50 3 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 3 50 Table V. Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-385 on N6 Medium Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox/Etha nol time (min) Hormone used in mg L-1 # Of inoculated test tubes % Contami nation % Callus induction frequency % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP % Clorox 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 1 50 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 2 50 3 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 3 50 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 3, No. 1, 2007 85 20. 83 62. 5 22. 22 55. 5 27. 77 41. 66 0 20 40 60 80 Bas-370 Bas-385 Variet ies Callus induction freq (%) 2,4-D&[email  protected] 0&0. 0 2,4-D&[email  protected] 0&0. 1 2,4-D&[email  protected] 5&0. 5 47. 22 68. 05 55. 55 61. 11 41. 66 52. 77 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Bas-370 Bas-385 Varieties Callus induction freq (%) 2,4-D&[email  protected] 0&0. 0 2,4-D&[email  protected] 0&0. 1 2,4-D&[email  protected] 5&0. 5 Fig. 2. Callus induction frequency (%) of Bas-370 and Bas-385 on M. S media at different level of 2,4-D and BAP. Fig. 3. Callus induction frequency (%) of Bas-370 and Bas-385 on N6 media at different level of 2,4-D and BAP. Hidayat Ullah, et al.Tissue culture techniques for callus induction in rice†¦. 86 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Infections of the callus is main problem in tissue culture technique so we should adopt the following precautions. 1. We should sterilize the seeds in 50% hypochlorite solution for 20 minutes and all the apparatus like flasks, petri plates, blades and forceps etc. should be disinfectant with 70% ethan ol. Media should be prepared accurately with respect to concentrations and PH of the media must be maintained properly. Exact amount of growth hormones must be added. 2. Seeds of Bas-370 on MS media with combination 2. and 0. 1mgl-1 should be used to get maximum callus, while hormonal combination 2,4-D and BAP @2. 0 and 0. 0 mg l-1 should be used for better callus induction of Bas-385 on N6 media. Bas-385 is an improved version of Bas-370 because it is developed through hybridization between Bas-370 and TN-1. That’s why it is more responsive towards callus as will as high doses of fertilizers. Over all results indicated that Bas- 385 having more potentials and suitable for further genetic studies. REFERENCES FAO. 2002 Food Outlook Bullet. No: 1,FAO, Rome. Gonalz, M. C. 2000. Effects of different growth egulators on in vitro culture of rice cultivors. Tropicales. 21(1): 27-28. Khan, J. A. , F. F. Jamil and M. A. Gill. 2000. Screnning of rice varieties against bakanae and bacte rial leaf blight. Pak. J. Phytopath. 12(1): 6-11. Larkin, P. J. and W. R. Scowcraft. 1981. Somaclonal variation a novel source of variability from cell cultures of plant improvement. Theor. Appld. Genet. 60:197-214. Marasi, M. A. , O. A. Bovo, A. Socchi and L. A. Mrongiski. 1996. Cytokining in the callus induction medium for plant regeneration of rice. Phyton Int, J. Exp. Bot. 59(1-2): 155-160. Murashige, T. and F. Skoog. 1962.Arevised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497. Navraj, K. , M. S. Gill, G. Raman, T. S. Bharaj, S. S. Gosal, N. Kaur and R. Gill. 1999. Factors enhancing somatic embryogenesis and high frequency plant regeneration in rice. Crop Improv. 26(1): 23-27. Nitsch, J. P. and C. Nitsch. 1969. Haploid plants from pollen grains. Sci. 163: 85-87. Oono, K. 1981. In vitro methods applied to rice in plant tissue culture. T. Athorpe, ed. Acad. Press, New York. pp. 273-298. Rashid, H. , A. Toriyama, K. Qurashi, Hinta a nd K. A. Malik. 2000. An improved method for hoot regeneration from calli of Indica rice. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 3 (12): 2229-2231. Valdez, M. , M. Monoz, J. R. Vega and A. M. Espinoza. 1997. Plant regeneration of Indica rice from mature embryo derived calli. Revistade Biologia Tropical. 44(3): 13-21. Xie, J. H. , M. W. Gao, Q. H. Cai, X. Y. Chens, Y. W. Shen and Z. Q. Liang. 1995 Optimized growth regulators combination in Japonica rice. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. 42(3): 245-250. Yamada, Y. , T. Q. Yang and D. T. Tang. 1986. Plant regeneration from protoplast derived callus of rice (Oryza sativa L. ). Plant Cell Reports. 4: 85-88

Digestive System Travel Guide

Anatomy Travel Bureau welcomes you to Your Digestive System! [pic] Kaitlynn Daseke-Collette Anatomy and Physiology The Digestive System This journey your about to experience may take up to several days. I hope you’ve packed well. We will be going through seas, acid rains, and dry, desert like conditions. So without wasting any more time let me give you a play by play of your vacation! First Stop Our first stop will be breakfast after you wake up on day one. You will be able to eat what ever your heart desires. Anything from a stack of pancakes to something completely unrelated to â€Å"breakfast†, like pizza.Choose wisely, you will be stuck with your breakfast for the rest of the tour! [pic] This is where I hand it over to your breakfast! Enjoy your trip! [pic] Hello there! I’m that stack of banana pancakes you devoured at breakfast this morning. Our real first stop on this journey through your digestive system is the mouth. The mouth is a pretty obvious place on the body. So when you put me in your mouth this morning I met up with some saliva and then I was chewed also known as masticated. Your cheeks and lips hold your food in your mouth while your teeth take care of the â€Å"masticating†.The tongue is what helps mix food and saliva together and it also initiates swallowing. The process of digestion has already begun believe it or not. This is the first step in breaking food down. Although this may sound a little gross it’s not just about breaking down food for digestion, we have tiny buds on our tongue which I’m sure you all know as TASTE BUDS! Taste buds are the â€Å"taste receptors† allowing you to taste the butter, banana, syrup and what ever else you put on me this morning before we began this journey!Before we get any further and you are unable to hear me let’s just go through all the technical stuff so we can actually enjoy the sites! Our second stop on this fascinating trip will be the Pharynx. Two passageways that are most commonly taken are the oropharynx and laryngopharynx. There is also the nasopharynx. Which when your body was under development we agreed to divide and it now currently belongs to the respiratory system, it’s kind of like their own private door. But not to worry, you’re not missing much! First we will go through the oropharynx which leads to the laryngopharynx which will lead us to the esophagus.You might feel a little bit of a squish here and there from the muscle layers of the pharynx walls. They contract to help propel us to the esophagus, this is also called peristalsis. The Esophagus This is also known as the gullet. It runs most hours of the day from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach (it’s about 10 inches/25 cm long). Before we get any further I should probably let you in on this one thing. The walls of the alimentary canal organs (esophagus to large intestine) are made up of basically the same types of tissue layers. The first would be mucosa, it’s the innermost layer. It’s a moist membrane that lines the cavity (lumen). Mucosa has surface epithelium, a small amount of connective tissue and a bit of smooth muscle. †¢ Second we have submucosa which as you might be able to guess is found beneath the mucosa. It’s basically a connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerve endings, lymphnodules and lymphatic vessels. †¢ There’s a muscle layer made up of an inner, circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of basically just smooth muscle cells, this is called the muscularis externa. Serosa is the outermost layer of the wall. This is a single layer of flat serous fluid that produces cells. Visceral Peritoneum makes slippery parietal peritoneum. Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity by mesentery (way of a membrane extension). The walls also contain important â€Å"intrinsic nerve plexus†, I know your thinking you don’t k now what that is, to be honest neither am I. But I think it might be kind of important to know that there is two, the submucosal nerve and the myentreric nerve plexus. They’re actually a part of the autonomic nervous system.There just there to regulate the mobility and secretory activity of GI (Gastrointestinal) tract organs. [pic] Alright, third stop. The stomach. It is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity. Here we will be hidden by the liver and diaphragm. There are a few places around the stomach you might want to stop and see. The first is the cardiac region, as you might guess it was named this due to its position near the heart. It surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter which is where we will have entered the stomach. The fundus is the expanded part, very roomy, you should probably stretch your legs here, move around.It’s lateral to the cardiac region. The body then is the midportion and as it narrows it turns into the pyloric antrum. Then of course the funnel shaped pylorus which is the part that is continuous with the small intestine. Interesting Facts about the Stomach †¢ Approx. 10 inches †¢ Diameter depends on how much food its holding †¢ A full stomach can hold about 4 liters/1 gallon of food From the stomach we will enter the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter. This is the major digestive organ. It prepares usable food for the journey into the cells of the body.The small intestine is anywhere from 8 to 18 feet long in a living person. It’s kind of a tube made of muscle and it just extends from where we entered to the ileocecal valve. At the small intestine there are three places I recommend taking a peak at. †¢ Duodenum means â€Å"12 finger widths long†. †¢ Jejunum (â€Å"empty†) †¢ Ileum (â€Å"twisted intestine†) – this also joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve. Most of your food digestion occurs in the small intestine and it is m ore than qualified to do so. The walls of the small intestine have three structures that help tremendously with absorption.These three are the microvilli, villi, and circular folds. The microvilli are tiny projections of the plasma membrane of the mucosa cells that make the cell surface look fuzzy. The villi are fingerlike projections; they have a velvety appearance and also feel soft. This is where a lot of the absorption occurs. There are also circular folds that are deep folds of mucosa and submucosa layers. ?Villi Believe it or not by the time you are done looking around these three sites and seeing the microvilli, villi and circular folds we will be on our way already through the ileocecal valve to the large intestine.So grab your stuff and let us go take a look see. The Large Intestine Though it’s larger in diameter it is shorter than the small intestine. The large intestine runs about 5 feet long. These 5 feet are from the ileocecal valve to the anus. The main function of the large intestine is to dry out the food residue that cannot be digested. It does this by absorbing water and eventually eliminates the residues from the body as feces. The large intestine is divided into 5 subdivisions. They are: 1. The Cecum, its saclike and the first part of the large intestine. 2.The Appendix, which hangs from the cecum, it’s very wormlike and sometimes because of its shape it can cause issues like appendicitis. This happens when the appendix becomes inflamed. 3. The colon which has several regions that takes you through the pelvis. 4. The rectum lies in the pelvis between the sigmoid colon and anus. 5. The anus, this is the part where feces exit the body. The anus is where our journey together will end. I hope you enjoy this journey through out the digestive system and come back to visit again real soon! [pic] Without any further explanation, please follow me through the pharynx†¦

What Can African Americans Do to Become More Marketable?

What can African Americans do to become more marketable in this economy? The average African Americans have by far been significantly unmarketable in comparison to their Average Caucasian counterparts. However, it should be mentioned that there are some African Americans who are also very marketable in our society. These few successful and marketable African Americans know and apply key principles in marketing themselves. This is the difference that separates the unmarketable and marketable African American.However, there are ways for the unmarketable African Americans to become more marketable in the global economy. In this essay, I will only be discussing seven of those major ways. African Americans can become more marketable if they: develop a highly impressive resume; prepare to participate in the global economy; become technologically savvy; are flexible in job expectations; improve on interview skills; network wisely; and improve on his or her interview skills.The first thing t hat African Americans who want to become more marketable should do is attend college or university and study a challenging major. This is because it is important to have at least a Bachelors degree in order to get a meaningful job that will bring any kind of success to ones life. After attending University; one should develop a highly impressive resume. An impressive resume that documents evidence of academic excellence, demonstrated leadership, well developed social skills, and personal initiative will definitely get the attention of corporate recruiters and hiring managers.It is also important to participate in the global economy. One can do this by becoming familiar with another language. Becoming familiar with at least one of the major languages that are involved in international commerce such as: Japanese, Spanish, or Chinese; is enough to put one head and shoulders above his or her peers. One should also try to become more technologically savvy because the advancements in Info rmation Technology affect almost every academic and occupational profession.In order to become more technologically savvy, one should try to take a few computer or internet-related courses and also read professional journals in his or her field that has a technological slant. African Americans should also try not to limit him or herself by having predetermined notions about the size of the company that they want to work for or their exact job title or starting salary.This is because in doing so employers may not be very welcoming. To be as marketable as possible an African American should indicate to prospective employers that they are flexible to employment and career advancement. In order to be marketable African Americans should also improve on interviewing skills. This can be done by reading books and articles on interviewing and also by attending career placement office tutorials and work shops on interviewing.Another way to work on interviewing skills is to role play with some one and have them videotape the session. It is also of utmost importance for African Americans who want to become more marketable network wisely and mentor with someone successful in his or her career field. Professional networking can afford an individual to meet successful professionals in his or her field that can alert him or her to what’s available in the hidden job market of which he or she may not have otherwise known about.Networking is also important because the more people who know about ones career interest and can speak favorably of him or her, the more desirable he or she will be to other prospective employers. African Americans should mentor with someone successful in his or her field, this is because it is career enhancing to mentor with someone who has achieved distinction in the African American’s academic/occupational field and is willing to offer career guidance and support. A well connected mentor can sponsor his or her membership in one or more pre stigious organizations.Listing these associations on ones resume can enhance his or her written credentials and give him or her a bit of a competitive edge in job hunting. In conclusion, the average African American can become more marketable if he or she is willing to learn and practice the ways that the marketable use to become more marketable. These ways/principles are quite easy to follow and anyone can implement them. However, one needs to be dedicated, ambitious, and hard-working in his or her endeavors.

Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Whether or not many have read the book, Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† has been referenced numerous times in social media. It has been used in media in such formats as movies and cartoons. Because of this, many believe Tom Sawyer to be a children’s book, while others believe it to be a more literal adult influenced novel. With the many outside influences such as religion, writing styles, and the author’s opinions it can be argued that Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† can be seen as either a children’s book or an adult’s novel.Many believe it is more suited as an adult book. The Influence of religion in any storyline can affect the plot greatly. â€Å"If we maintain the implicit conjunction between the Bible and Tom’s books, this can be read as a very serious critique of the abuses of religion† (McIntosh-Byrd 15). In his critique, Byrd states how religio n is often seen as the only way to go. Many don’t know any different and therefore Byrd believes the book to be more centered on religion and its constant critique. â€Å"The fact that both of these scenes take place within the church in indicative of an implicit critique of the role of religion in St.Petersburg† (McIntosh-Byrd 15). Again here Byrd says that religion has changed the storyline somewhat. Because of these reasons it can be argued that Tom Sawyer is more suited for adults because adults can understand what Twain was trying to say more and he knew this by the way he wrote. The different writing styles in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer change the audiences that the story appeals to. â€Å"These defects of structure would probably not appreciate the flexibility of the narrative, it’s easy, casual gait. † (Doren 431).From this view, Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,† can be seen as more of a children’s book becau se of its easy going nature. The lack of responsibility in this book translates well to children. â€Å"But Tom’s energy did not last. He began to think of the fun he had planned for this day, and his sorrows multiplied. † (Twain 12) Many are without responsibilities and hope to never gain any. â€Å"Mark Twain drives with careless, sagging reins, but he holds the general direction. † (Doren 431) Twain keeps a general hold on the story but he allows the characters to roam bout freely, which makes it more kid friendly, in the sense that the kids want to feel like they are truly in charge. â€Å"And when the middle of the afternoon came, from being a poor, poverty-stricken boy in the morning, Tom was literally rolling in wealth. † (Twain 15) The different writing styles affected the story in one way but at the same time it can affect it in the other opposite direction. On the other side of the spectrum, this book can be seen as an adult’s novel based on the writing styles evident in the text. Twain borrowed its structure from several literary genres popular in the United States during the late nineteenth century: Local color-fiction, Juvenile fiction, sentimental romance, and the dime thriller† (De Santis). Adults can handle a lot more styles in books such as these. â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer†¦Represented an attempt to cultivate the gentled, eastern-seaboard audience currently enthralled by local-color fiction. † (Baetzhold) Again here critic has noticed the same trend. Local-color or regional literature is fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters of a story.This is evident in De Santis’ critique of â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer†. Noticing the author’s opinions the reader can tell whether they meant for their book to be a children’s book or an adult’s piece of literature. â€Å"It had no history, and no future, existing in the framed bookends of the aut hor’s comments at the beginning and end of the tale. † (McIntosh-Byrd 15) Twain’s opinions about the way things should be in society affects the story. Say another writer had written about the exact same topic it would be completely different. Twain put a lot of his own thoughts and beliefs into his story. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is an extremely difficult work to approach analytically because it is so embedded in the author’s own childhood. † (McIntosh-Byrd 13) It has been argued that the town of St. Petersburg in the story was Twain’s interpretation of his childhood hometown. â€Å"Uncertain whether it should be aimed at a youthful or an adult audience, Mark Twain once more submerged in the shadow the realistic aspects of puberty, removing portions of the book which might offend younger readers. † (Baetzhold) if Twain didn’t remove these portions f the story it would have definitely been focused towards a more mature audien ce. Since he did it is more appropriate that â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† be focused more on the youthful audience. With the many outside influences such as religion, writing styles, and the author’s opinions it can be argued that Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† can be seen as either a children’s book or an adult’s novel. The book was originally written as an adult’s novel, but over the years since it has been written it has slowly been more closely analyzed as a children’s book.